Most of my research focuses on beliefs. I am interested in what kind of beliefs individuals hold and why they hold them. On a theoretical level, my work explores the moral psychology of non-standard beliefs, that is, beliefs that are not sensitive to evidence (think self-deceptive beliefs, conspiratorial beliefs, anti-vaccine attitudes, and so on). On a psychological level, I am also interested in what steps individuals can take to counteract these non-standard beliefs and come to their (epistemic) senses.
Why Resisting Resilience Matters, Bloomsbury Academic (under contract)
We love stories of resilience. We love them when we watch athletes win the gold medal after a tough season. We love them in fiction when we watch Cinderella ascend from poverty to royalty. We love them when we ourselves experience them. Success tastes sweeter when it doesn’t come easy. Psychologists have associated the capacity to bounce back with the successful regulation of negative emotions, human growth, and subjective well-being. Socially, resilience is often championed as the mark of recovery after natural catastrophes, from Hurricane Katrina to the COVID-19 pandemic. But there are certain crucial questions about resilience that it is important we explore in order to better understand our society and the decisions we make: why do we glorify resilience? And is being resilient always the best course of action? Drawing on cutting-edge psychological research, in this book I argue that we glorify resilience because we associate the effort it requires with meaningfulness, so when we struggle to achieve eventual success, we experience greater rewards. Dissecting the fascinating case studies, among which that of disgraced Theranos’ founder Elizabeth Holmes, as well as others, in this book I also show that when success fails to happen the way we want, being resilient, far from being the mark of success, can instead lead us to make irrational choices that are maladaptive and self-destructive.
Forthcoming. Self-Deception as Normative Violation, Philosophical Explorations.
This paper defends an account of self-deception as a violation of the self-deceived’s own epistemic norms. I show that, compared to the most prominent version of a deflationary view of self-deception, a normative violation account does a better job of distinguishing self-deception from other similar biases, better captures the experiential tension characteristic of self-deception, and rescues the role of the self in self-deception.
Forthcoming. Ethical Considerations in using Artificial Intelligence in Organ Transplantation (with K. Vold, J. Gross, J. Hall, E. Huynh, R. Katz) in Artificial Intelligence in Organ Transplantation. University of Toronto Press. Eds. M. Bhat and A. Sidhu
The objective of this paper is to outline some of the unique ethical challenges that applications of AI present for clinicians and doctors working in organ transplantation. For example, when is it appropriate to defer to an algorithm in deciding who should receive an organ transplant? What counts as a fair allocation of organs? Will the use of algorithms embed, or even exacerbate, existing biases within the system? What patient data should be tracked vs. what data should be considered private? Should patients and doctors have a right to transparency and explainability from the algorithms that are used?
Revise & resubmit. Empathy With the Machine: An Interdisciplinary Review (with C. Daryl Cameron, A. Wagner, S. Anderson, E. Hadjiandreou), Current Directions in Psychological Science.
Several years ago, the world was stunned when the cute robot “Hitch-bot” was wantonly destroyed by someone on its journey up the Eastern seaboard. Does empathy – sharing in experiences, taking perspective, and feeling compassion for – such robots make sense for humans? How do people empathize with robots, and what are the normative and practical implications of doing so? Moreover, how do people react when robotic agents seem to be empathizing with them? In this review, we take an interdisciplinary approach to present a survey and roadmap for study of this topic. We begin by detailing empirical work on experience sharing and compassion for robots, then discuss the ethics of extending empathy towards robots from a philosophical perspective and how to build robots that elicit empathy from an engineering perspective. We then review empirical work on empathy received from robots, with a similar three-pronged approach to explore psychological, philosophical, and engineering implications. In our final section, we integrate insights of earlier sections and suggest how interactions with robotic agents might be useful to cultivate human empathy. Can interactions with a robot act as a means of bootstrapping empathy and helping it to become more resilient and reliable?
2025. Motivated Empathy and Affective Polarization: Current Findings and Ethical Implications (with Daryl C. Cameron), in The Handbook of Ethics and Social Psychology, edited by Simon M. Laham, Edward Elgan Publishing.
Political polarization has been on the rise in the United States and the controversy surrounding vaccines during the Covid-19 pandemic has renewed interest in the crucial role that empathy can play when it comes to engaging with parties who disagree. We have two aims in this chapter. With respect to the first aim, we provide an in-depth analysis of the state of the literature on empathy and polarization (as well as discussion of schadenfreude), and in particular of the motives that drive the decision to empathize. With respect to the second aim, we discuss the normative criteria that govern the moral appropriateness of empathizing with individuals who disagree. We argue that future directions should focus on examining how the cognitively effortful nature of empathy can impact decisions to empathize with political out-groups, particularly when doing so places a significant normative demand on the empathizers.
2024. 'I Knew All Along': Making Sense of Post-Self-Deception Judgments, Synthese.
Featured in Lisa Bortolotti's blog Imperfect Cognitions
Individuals deceive themselves about a wide variety of subjects. In the fortunate circumstances, where those who manage to leave self-deception embrace reality, an interesting phenomenon occurs: the formerly self-deceived often confess to having ‘known [the truth] all along’. These post-self-deception judgments are not conceptually innocuous; if genuine, they call into question the core feature of prominent theories of self-deception, that self-deceived individuals do not believe the unwelcome truth. In this paper I argue that post-self-deception judgments do not track a belief, but a suspicion of the unwelcome truth. I do this by showing that post-self-deception are themselves instances of self-deception where the individual is self-deceived that they believed the unwelcome truth. I then suggest that the motivational cause of the self-deceit is hindsight bias, the kind known as foreseeability, and that as a result, post-self-deception judgments are not reliable because they do not accurately track previous self-deceptive experiences.
2023. Nobody Makes It Alone: Toward a Relational View of Resilience, in Pandemic Relations: [Re]Forging our Moral Bonds in the Time of Covid-19, Routledge
This chapter argues that the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the limits of the mainstream individualistic notion of resilience and, in light of these limits, it advances a new, relational notion of the concept of resilience that contributes to the individuals’ well-being and takes into consideration the role of systemic inequality. The first half of the chapter argues that the individualistic notion is flawed in two ways: (i) it can foster ill-being because it is cognitively taxing, and (ii) it discounts systemic inequality because it transfers the responsibility of any achievement and failure onto the single individual without regard for conditions of oppression. The second half of the chapter conceptualizes the concept of resilience as a relational notion that takes into account structural support as well as conditions of oppression and marginalization. According to this latter notion of resilience, the chapter argues that oppression, lack of material conditions, or lack of structural support are elements that can impact the appropriateness of calls to be resilient. A relational notion of resilience fosters well-being because it puts the collective community at the center (instead of the individual), and it takes into consideration material conditions and structural injustices.
2021. Self-Control in Action and Belief (with Sarah Stroud), Philosophical Explorations.
Self-control is normally, if only tacitly, viewed as an inherently practical capacity or achievement, in the sense that it applies solely to the domain of action. It is only ever in connection with people’s actions and decisions that we seem to attribute either self-control or its absence: we never speak of exercising self-control in the domain of belief, and perhaps many would be puzzled by the suggestion that the concept could also have application in the doxastic realm. But that is the idea we wish to explore here. We wish to motivate the perhaps unexpected idea that self-control is in fact a transversal phenomenon which applies both to action and to belief.
In preparation
What's so Special about Human Empathy? Examining AI Empathy and its Trade-Offs (with J. Wenger, C. Daryl Cameron, M. Inzlicht) in Empathy and AI: Challenges, Advances and Ethical considerations, Cambridge University Press. Eds. C. Daryl Cameron and A. Perry
[Paper on Moral Self-Deception] (with M. Scarfone), Social Theory and Practice, [Under review]
ChatGPT and Conspiracy Theories: the Role of Empathy in AI-Persuasion, in The Edges of Empathy: Exploring Interdisciplinary Moral Psychology, Palgrave Macmillan [Book proposal under review]